Festschrift in Honour of The Music Maestra Professor Young-Sook Onyiuke
This is an online version of the Feschrift in honour of the Music Maestra Professor Young-Sook Onyiuke.
BIOGRAPHY OF PROFESSOR YOUNG-SOOK ONYIUKE (THE MUSIC MAESTRA)
This Chapter covers the complete Biography of Prof. Young-Sook Onyiuke
Copyright (c) 2022 Festschrift in Honour of The Music Maestra Professor Young-Sook Onyiuke
CHAPTER TWO: TEACHING MUSIC WITH ALL HER HUMANITY
Our essence as human beings is in being; not in thinking, as Descartes had thought. Not in doing things. It is man's ontological priority to keep being who he or she is. Recognizing this pervasive nature can only be sustained through an elevated sense of awareness or consciousness even for music teachers in particular and teachers in general. This brings together random thoughts provoked by reflecting on the unique model of teaching music closely observed while Professor Young-Sook Onyiuke spent her active years among her many students at Nnamdi Azikiwe University. Her special wand was to be found in her overflowing love for music, her subtle insistence in making the violin a well-received member of the ensemble at a time when the instrument meant nothing there, unquenchable desire for performances, her great deal of attention to minute detail and the rare disposition for interaction towards all she mentored. Beyond having deep knowledge of the subject matter, contents and methodology required of a professional teacher, she laced it with a modicum of devotion, commitment and grace found only in the vocations. For this, she stood out among a people whose music was different, most ancient, deep, following alternate laws and defying a lot of what the West is talking about music. Keywords: Teaching music, Humanity, and Professor Young-Sook Onyiuke
CHAPTER THREE: YOUNG-SOOK ONYIUKE: THE INESTIMABLE QUALITY OF A NIGERIAN MUSIC EDUCATOR
Among the 21st-century female music educators, Prof. Young-Sook Onyiuke stands out as the prime example of a pianist and a violinist who ascribed a feminine ideal to the teaching of music at the Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria. Female scholars in music are members of a class that definitely existed but have not been adequately defined in terms of their duties as teachers in the Nigerian Music institutions and their contributions towards the advancement of music education. Thus it poses a partial viewpoint on bibliographical documents on female scholars in Nigeria, suggesting an intense confirmation for further research. The study is laid on the narrative research design under qualitative methodology. The narrative approach was considered suitable for the study because it entails the researcher examining the contributions of this individual to scholarship. This will be done by asking Prof. Young-Sook Onyiuke to provide information about her life experience as a teacher. Creswell and Creswell (2018) affirm that “data collected for construal research are often reiterated or re-storied by the investigator into a narrative sequence of events”. Hence, this study offers a descriptive perception of the person of Prof. Young-Sook Onyiuke. The findings reveal that it is apparent that Prof. Young-Sook Onyiuke has paid her dues as a teacher and a diligent, articulate pianist and violinist and that her scholarly works express carefully her ability and passion for teaching. The study concludes that Prof. Young-Sook Onyiuke carries out her academic duties with thoroughness and amazing creativity as a lecturer and External Examiner of undergraduate and postgraduate students. Keywords: Female Music-educator, advancement, articulate-pianist
CHAPTER FOUR MUSIC PEDAGOGY AND THEORIES OF LEARNING: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLASSROOM TEACHING AND LEARNING
The paper investigates music pedagogy and theories of learning with an emphasis on implications for classroom teaching and learning. The methodology for the study surveys, which according to Nworgu 2006 is “one in which a group of people or items is studied by collecting and analyzing data from only a few people or items considered to be representative of the entire population” (pp. 72-73). The theories of learning investigated include the Trial and Error propounded by Edward Thorndike, Classical Conditioning by Evan Pavlov, Operant Conditioning by. B. F. Skinner and the Cognitive learning propounded by Kofka, Kohler, and Wakemia. Findings reveal that each learning theorist emphasizes what the teacher should do to help the learner achieve the objectives of the teaching/learning process. Based on the findings, some recommendations are made among which is that teachers should go through these theories of learning to equip themselves better for their interaction with the learners in the classroom. Keywords: Pedagogy, Theories of learning, Trial and error, Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning and Cognitive learning theory.
CHAPTER FIVE: ART ORIGINATION WITH HUMAN EXISTENCE & DEVELOPMENT
That human activity that expresses human feelings is the 'Art'. It existed even before human creation which man puts into action as he develops. Art expresses thoughts, dreams, and hope in the form of dance, music, drawing, poem, song and drama. The primitive man as was told in human history communicated with the gods and spirits in some rituals through Art which he imitated so well. Dance is believed to be the oldest form of Art that existed through man's imitativeness of the objects he saw while in his daily work/duty. The dance itself cannot exist without the act of music and song. The man also drew and painted whatever he also saw. This piece of work is to bring to knowledge that Art came, existed and developed Man, hence the Art Origination with human existence and development. Keywords: Art, origination, human existence, development.
CHAPTER SIX: THE PLACE OF FOLK MUSIC IN SOME DEVELOPMENTAL AREAS OF CHILDREN IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
A Child is either raised well or spoilt. Like the good book (Bible) said: "Train up a child in the way he should go, when he grows up, he shall not depart from it" (Prov. 22:6). A lot of effort goes into the raising of a child, especially when they are in their early childhood. Many parents struggle so much in raising their children which most of the time cause them aches and frustration, especially when it had to do with acquiring the mother tongue, culture, and so on; but, when music is utilized in the raising of such a child in this areas, the result is always positive, easy and simple. Folk songs have so much part to play in the raising of a child, aside from the mother tongue and culture; in some developmental aspects of the child such as social, moral and emotional development. Many parents and caregivers are very ignorant of this fact. Hence this paper is set to show the possibility of folk songs in inducing language, social, moral and emotional development in children in early childhood. Keywords: Early childhood, Music education, Folk music, Developmental areas of children.
CHAPTER SEVEN: STUDENTS' DISPOSITION TOWARDS LEARNING AND PERFORMING VOICE PIECES AS A COMPULSORY COMPONENT OF INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE STUDIES (IPS)
Voice alternatively referred to as singing is an aspect of Individual Performance Studies(IPS), a course of study in the music department of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Singing is an integral part of the music as a discipline that many attribute good voice or good singing to brilliance/excellence in music. The status of voice piece learning by students was explored concerning the actual practices and attitudes being exhibited by the students. The analytical tools applied were frequency, percentage and chi-square (c2 statistical inference technique. The population was about one hundred and ninety of second, third and final year students of the department, while the actual sample used was sixty of the students' population. The analysis was done using tables for the research questions and responses to the questionnaire. The findings showed that voice/singing was considered a necessary skill to acquire by all music students but some students have a disposition to the fact that it should not be necessarily made compulsory for all. It is recommended that students should be encouraged to show more interest and commitment towards the learning and performing of their voice pieces since they are expected to be well acquainted with singing as music undergraduates. Also because singing forms a part of their course of studies throughout their study years and as such, they will be evaluated on it. Keywords: Singing, Individual Performance Studies(IPS), voice pieces, IPS voice teacher, IPS voice student, Accompanist, Evaluation.
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF TROMBONE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: A CASE STUDY OF MOUNT OLIVE COLLEGE UMUNYA, ANAMBRA STATE
Music is among the most beautiful courses that anyone should learn. However, this has been referred by many as a subject which is somewhat difficult to learn. The reason behind this is that certain aspects of music education particularly those that involve theory and history seem somehow boring at certain times. Instrument playing can increase the desire for music learning among the students. Trombone can be one of the instruments students can learn. One benefit of learning the Trombone instrument is the fact it can improve your fitness and health. In the western countries, trombone instrument is a well-respected instrument. It's a brass instrument which can feature in an orchestra, big brass band etc. Both male and female can play this instrument. However it is not well known in Nigeria among the students and the youths etc. People seem not to indicate interest in the instrument, which could be from the sound of the instrument, the size, the teaching method or the learning method. This researcher therefore exposed the challenges and prospects in learning and teaching of the trombone instrument. Keywords: Music education, Musical instrument, Trombone, Teaching and learning method.
CHAPTER NINE: SIMPLIFIED APPROACH IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF FLUTE IN CHARLES DALE MEMORIAL INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, PORT-HARCOURT
Teaching and learning generally involve a systematic approach; it is the application of these approaches that aid learning. Teaching and learning of flute is not an exemption here.This study seeks to unfold some simplified approaches in teaching and learning of flute in Charles Dale Memorial International School Port Harcourt. This paper adopted a survey research design method where a group of people were picked and studied to represent the entire population. The theoretical framework is based on the theory of experiential learning by Carl Rogers.The population of the study comprises twenty (20)students selected from the four classes of JSS 1. Data were gathered by observation method and the result of the study agrees with Carl Rogers's first approach to experiential learning that all humans have a natural desire to learn therefore failure to learn is not due to the person's inability to learn but rather to problems with the learning situation. In conclusion, the study recommends that teachers should take into account the learning styles and abilities of the students and design lessons that appeal to diverse learners. Keywords: Dale Memorial International School, Music, Flute, Simplified teaching and learning approach, learning styles and children's ability.
CHAPTER TEN: THE IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC TRAINING ON THE CHILD'S BRAIN AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
A growing body of research reveals the beneficial effects of music on education. Research indicates that music plays an important role in the brain development of a child. Furthermore, researchers believe that children, who have more exposure to music and music training, benefit from enhanced brain activity, which has been shown to increase child's abilities to perform certain academic tasks. In addition, many practical life skills are acquired through music learning and music training. Therefore, music education is believed to deserve the status as an equally significant core subject. A review of the literature demonstrates the benefits of music education, discussing the influence of music on the child's brain development, academic performance, and practical life skills. Keywords: Music education, child's brain development, cognitive development and practical life skills.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: PARENTAL ISSUES AND PROSPECTS IN THE STUDY OF MUSIC EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT
The progress of humanity is highly dependent on the ways members of society communicate their ideas. Music is relevant in many aspects of human existence. It serves as a vehicle in teaching and promoting societal cultural values and norms and is also a great tool for national development. Despite these benefits of music education to mankind throughout the world, there is still a very low parental perception of music education. This paper examines the causes and effects of poor parental support towards the study of music education of their wards in the University of Port Harcourt. Two research questions were raised to guide the study. It adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study sample comprised 70 students from the Department of Music, the University of Port Harcourt from year two (2) to year four (4) using a simple random sampling technique. Research questionnaire on the Causes, Effects and Remedies of Poor Parental Support towards Music Education in the University of Port – Harcourt were administered. The results of data analysis using the mean (x) statistics revealed that the lukewarm attitude of parents towards their children's quest for music Education negatively affect the students' general academic performance. Based on the findings, it is recommended, that Parents should recognize that their role is simply to facilitate their children's career journey and allow them to make guided career choices. Parents should intentionally allow their children to discover their innate talents and skills by encouraging and supporting them. There is a need to be involved, but not in forceful control over the matters of career choice. Keywords: Music Education, Parental Control, Perception, Prospects and Development Introduction
CHAPTER TWELVE : STUDENTS' USE OF SCHOOL LIBRARY FOR DEVELOPING READING CULTURE IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA
The study examined how the school library can be used to develop a reading culture among senior secondary students. The study was carried out in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State. Three research questions guided the study. The design for the study was a survey while a structured questionnaire developed by the researchers, with a reliability coefficient of 0.83 was used for data collection. The data generated were analyzed using the mean. The findings of the study indicated that the extent to which students utilize the materials in the school library is very low. Most of the respondents agreed that most of the materials and books in the library have little or no relevance to them. Again, the respondents agreed that some factors such as poor organization of library information resources; outdated information resources/materials; and so on mitigate against their use of the school library and as a result hinder the development of proper reading culture among students. From the findings, recommendations were proffered and among such included that the government and NGOs should equip the existing school libraries with relevant library resources that are current, rich in quantity, quality and varied to reflect the content of the school curriculum. Also, the government should equally employ qualified school librarians to manage the school library. Keywords: Students, School Library, Reading Culture.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: ADOPTING SELECTED DANCE STEPS IN OWIPHA TRADITIONAL DANCE GROUP FOR FIELD TRIP TEACHING/LEARNING OF DANCE
Dance has remained a means of expressing the innate feelings of humans towards sounds produced from various musical instruments irrespective of the genre of the music. The innate feelings are expressed through several dance steps which make up dance movements. This is because the rhythms used for dance is usually very captivating and the entirety of the dance reflects the cultural practices of the indigenous owners of the dance and is best understood by them. Owhipa traditional dance group of Rivers State is used for this study. This group is made up of men and women from Owhipa community of the Ikwere speaking tribe. Over time, the teaching/learning of traditional dance in a classroom setting in the University of Port Harcourt portray the pedagogical approach which applies various teaching methods to creative dance steps, basically for examination and entertainment.This has to an extent, limited the expression of the human body through dance and downplayed promoting culture. This study seeks to adopt selected dance steps of Owhipa traditional group into classroom teaching/learning by deploying the field trip teaching of dance. Through interviews, participant observations and library research, data was gathered and it revealed that deploying the indigenous dance steps and the field trip teaching/learning of Owhipa traditional dance group into the classroom makes the teaching worthwhile and interesting thus variegating the performances through several dance steps with a stress-free teaching mode which in turn will help sustain dance steps from Owhipa community and promote their culture. Keywords: Indigenous, Dance, Steps, Adopt and Classroom
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: PART-TIME MUSIC TEACHER: IT'S EFFECT ON MUSIC EDUCATION
Music education is the process in which one becomes aware of and sensitive to music and develops an understanding of its function for the good of the society. An educational institution performs a significant function of providing a learning experience to lead its students from the darkness of ignorance to the light of knowledge. The key personnel in the institutions who play an important role to bring about this transformation are teachers. A music teacher is like other teachers in the school but with a difference due to the unique nature of his/her discipline. In the teaching and learning process, the teacher is the source of knowledge to the students. Therefore, this paper adopted an empirical research methodology to ascertain the effect of part-time music teachers on music education and examined the role of part-time teaching in music education. Keywords: Music education, Music teacher, Effect of Part-time teaching and Learning experience of students.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: APPLYING BANDURA'S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY IN TEACHING PIANO: A CASE STUDY OF DEPARTMENT OF MUSIC, FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, EHA-AMUFU, ENUGU STATE
This study is hinged on the principles of social learning theory in teaching piano pieces among the students of the Department of Music, Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu. The aim was to minimize the challenges they face while learning their piano pieces since it seemed to be the most difficult aspect of their music studies. The researcher adopted a survey research design. The population for the study comprised fifteen (15) students. The sample stood at ten (10) students. Data were significantly gathered through the use of the observation method. The subjects were observed in three phasesnamely, live modelling, verbal instruction modelling and finally, symbolic modelling. The results of the study conform with the findings of Albert Bandura which indicates that human beings are naturally inclined to learn from one another through observation, imitation and modelling. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that music educators should as a matter of necessity during the teaching-learning process model the desired behaviour to the students since it has been established that effective learning takes place through modelling and imitation.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE ROLES OF THE CHORAL MUSIC DIRECTORS IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF CHORAL MUSIC IN THE THREE SELECTED CHOIRS IN PORT HARCOURT
This study assessed the role of choral music directors in teaching and learning choral music in Port Harcourt. The role of music directors seems quite colossal such that they get exhausted or overstressed thereby giving attention to the aspect of their role that requires minimal attention while other aspects that require their utmost attention tend not to get enough of their time. Also, the author sought to know if the academic qualifications of the music directors were also a factor in making them effective in their job roles. This raises concern on what exactly constitutes the role of a music director. To determine the aim of this study, three choral music groups were selected for the study in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised of music directors and choristers from the case study choral music schools. A 4-point Likert scale structured questionnaire was used as a means of data collection. Findings showed that, among the case study music directors, two of them had no music education qualifications while only one had a music education qualification. Also, the music directors had various roles depending on where they functioned. A typical Music director has liturgical, administrative and pedagogical roles. The author concluded that, for a music director to be effective in his role, having a basic education certificate in music education is imperative. Keywords: Choirs in Port Harcourt, choral music, roles of music directors, teaching and learning.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: ENHANCING THE LEARNING AND TEACHING OF TRUMPET THROUGH SIMPLIFIED APPROACH: A CASE STUDY OF AUSTICA MEMORIAL COLLAGE, NANKA
Most students love playing musical instruments and they see it as fun but a majority of these students shy away from choosing trumpet as their choice of an instrument because of the seemingly wrong impression they have that trumpet is very difficult to learn. This can be attributed to the traditional method employed in the teaching and learning of trumpets over the years. Studies have shown that the cognitive abilities of the students grow and expand longer when they study with a simplified method. Through an active and more simplified teaching method that is student-centred,the researchers of this study investigated students' participation in trumpet learning at Austica Memorial Collage, Nanka, Anambra State. This research further adapted a unique method of teaching the trumpet with a dual concept of formal and informal teaching methods. The study also suggested that basic skills and disciplines be adopted towards instrumental music performance. It was found out that when the students understand the fundamentals of playing the trumpet, learning becomes easy thereby giving them self-reliance in trumpet learning. The study recommended that students should always be given time for personal practice and the opportunity to express themselves since this can lead to creativity and improvisation. Keywords: Trumpet, Simplified method, Teaching and learning, Austica Memorial College, Nanka.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Human nature is full of sounds of different kinds that appeal to humankind's deepest emotion of love and music is one of these sounds. Suffice it to say that we live in a musical world. There is no gainsaying that music is an essential ingredient of life, especially to common humankind. In as much as the world is changing from modernity to post-modernity as a result of advances in technology, it is for developed nations. There is not yet a developed country in Africa and so from the beginning of life Africa has been blessed with music that gives the people consolation in their poor estate. Therefore as slaves, they carried their music along to foreign land as a contribution to development. The role of music in National development, therefore, is inelastic. In Nigeria, it contributes to the development of human resources, as a means of self-reliance, manpower development and solution, to an extent, to severe unemployment that is a present-day issue. It contributes as well to revenue generation, national development in terms of building infrastructures and national integration. In the examination, the topic is divided into two parts: human resource development and national development. Empirical studies made prove the concept true. Further research on the music industry about development will be a surprise. Its other unique contribution or role is in worshipping and praising God, the creator. In this music has no equal in unifying Keywords: Human resource development, national development, national integration.
CHAPTER NINETEEN: MALAPROPISM/THE INTERFERENCE OF MOTHER-TONGUE AMONG THE IGBO SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE: MUSIC AS A MEDIUM IN ENHANCING POSITIVE TRANSFER OF LEARNING
This paper investigates the interference of mother-tongue in the pronunciations of some similar English words by some Igbo speakers of English, which Linguists refer to as 'Malapropism'. This is very common among the Igbo indigenes from communities in Aguata, Orumba North and South and Alo in Idemili North of Anambra State, Nigeria. The findings revealed that Igbo Language (L1) interferes with the target communities' spoken English (L2). They substitute the letter L with the letter R and vice versa in words where the letters exist leading to despicable and humiliating comments from their audience. This in addition makes it difficult to decipher what they intend to pass across. The paper also looked at music as an effective medium in enhancing the positive transfer of learning to check this offensive and dehumanizing error. The theoretical framework of this study is based on Edward Thorndike's 'Theory of identical elements', while the research methods employed to elicit the information was survey design including a reading task and creativity. Keywords: Linguistics, Malapropism, Interference, Language 1 (L1), Language 2 (L2), Transfer of Learning
CHAPTER TWENTY: THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENTAL STRATEGIES OF ICT IN THE NIGERIAN EDUCATION SECTOR: THE MUSICOLOGISTS' CUM OTHER SCHOLAR'S VIEWPOINTS
There are developments in the Nigerian education sector that indicate some level of Information Communication Technology (ICT) application in schools. The National Policy on Education (the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2014), recognizes the prominent role of ICTs in the modern world and has integrated ICTs into education in Nigeria. On the above bedrock, this study traced the origin and the developmental strategies of ICT in the Nigerian education sector from the perspectives of musicologists and other scholars. In a bid to tackle the enormous difficulty associated with the traditional face-to-face system of education in Nigeria, the educational authorities deemed it fit the key to the global trend which is the application of computers to studies especially the study of music. Musicologists being very apt to the reigning propensity saw the need to join the moving trend hence they embraced ICT in all aspects of its dealing. This study adopted the survey method which entailed the use of literature materials as a major source of information. As a pilot study, the ideas of various scholars among whom are musicologists were accessed ascertaining their perspectives on the origin and developmental strategies of ICT in the Nigerian educational sector. The findings of the study encourage researchers and musicologists of all levels to continue embracing and advancing ICT approaches that enhance scholarship. The study strongly recommends that the nation's curriculum planners should continue to design curricula that will encourage and emphasize technology-driven education in the 21st century with education course contents that will improve general research in every field of study. Keywords: Musicologists, ICT, Nigerian education sector, Origin, developmental stages.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE MUSIC LAW AND THE IMPACT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ON THE MUSIC INDUSTRY
Artistic work like a written paper, musical note, a song or piece of music etc., are products of the intellect and therefore referred to as intellectual properties. Intellectual properties, as a consequence of their intangible nature, are more susceptible to theft and illegal acquisition. Essentially, creators of musical works need some form of right and protection to prevent unauthorized persons from illegally acquiring their intellectual assets and this is frequently referred to as Intellectual Property Rights. To a fair extent, copyright law has been developed and established in Nigeria. Nonetheless, the strategies that have been installed to ensure its effective implementation and the opportunities provided for the copyright owners to maximize their rights are in question. The main objective of this article is to explain the basic concept of Intellectual Property as a form of protection for intellectual property-owners which invariably will encourage the spirit of creativity and productivity in the music industry; it also looks at the philosophical structure in which music law and intellectual property rights coalesce in Nigeria's music industry today to enhance the protection which the law purports to afford the owners or authors of copyrighted works in the music industry and touches on case law and empirical studies on this subject done by different authors in the past. Finally, the article gives an overview of the activities of the Nigerian Copyright Commission and submit recommendations for an effective administration of copyright laws in Nigeria. Keywords: Music Industry; Intellectual Property; Copyright.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: HIP-HOP MUSIC AS A TOOL FOR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CRITICISM IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF MR FOLARIN FALANA'S SONG "THIS IS NIGERIA"
The social and political system in Nigeria has remained essentially the same since its formal inception under the colonial administration at the end of world war ll. Governance and political leadership in Nigeria have been driven by self-interest and other primordial considerations, which take priority over that of the public interest. This development, led to many Nigerian youths embracing hip-hop music as it became a fast-growing genre where musicians tends to create art that reflected the reality of their lives, of the neighbourhoods around them, and of the wider social circumstances in which they found themselves. In addition, with the increase in demand for hip-hop music, hip-hop is rapidly becoming a dominant culture among Nigerian youths as a vehicle of social critique and global inter-connectivity in the public sphere. While incorporating elements from their own local cultures to appeal to local or cultural sensibilities, hip-hop musicians have found a platform for getting their messages and ideas across to local audiences through music. Therefore, this paper examines how Nigerian youths as a vital tool of resistance and a powerful voice for social and political change deploy hip-hop. Using the Nigerian hip-hop scene and the critical analysis of the music of MrFolarinFalani (Falz), the genre as believed by Nigerian youths will be used to affect a change in a country riddled with corruption and abuse of public office. Keywords: Hip-hop music, MrFolarinFalana's song, Nigeria, Social and political system.
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: MUSIC AND POLITICS, UNDERSTANDING MUSIC AS AN INSTRUMENT OF SOCIO-POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION AND CHANGE
Music is an interesting social phenomenon that creates a delightful appeal for all gender, race and age bracket. Music is everywhere and virtually in everything we do. Over the years, music has continued to beam as an indispensable part of human life moving with our civilization. Music and politics have enjoyed a boisterous relationship in the sense that politicians have sought to improve their fame and wider appeal through the services of music and musicians. This qualitative study is an urge to vivify the socio-political sentiments through the instrumentality of music aimed at portraying various avenues in which music serves as a potent instrument of political communication. The study employs survey and literature as its methodology. Based on the findings, it is cryptically clear that music andpolitics are human activities that are geared towards the singular goal of bettering humanity. The paper concludes by recommending that music being a rallying point for individuals in every society should be used to bridge the divides caused by political interests and foster positive change and socio-political transformation to bring about real integration in Nigeria. Keywords: Music, Politics, Socio-political transformation and Change.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: THE PLACE OF MUSIC IN THE QUEST FOR SELF ACTUALIZATION: INTERROGATING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF BIAFRA (IPOB)
This study explores music in such human inner yearnings as the quest for self-actualization focusing on Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB). IPOB is a group in southeastern Nigeria agitating for freedom using different tools/mediums of which music is one. Music is alive and useful in various aspects of human life as it has always been functional. Through music, one can express his/herself, and thus, create awareness of his/her existence. Hence, its importance/usefulness cannot be overemphasized. Employing a descriptive survey method of investigation, this study explores music in human inner yearnings as a tool for expressions. Relying on the song-text analysis of some selected IPOB songs, therefore, this study argues that music is a major non-violent tool in seeking self-actualization. Keywords: Music, IPOB, Self-Actualization
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF DIVINATION IN IGBO TRADITIONAL BELIEF AND PROPHECY AMONG PENTECOSTALS IN IGBO LAND
The topic of this research is the Contrastive Study of Divination in Igbo Traditional Belief and Prophecy among Pentecostals in Igbo Land. It was observed that prophets in Pentecostal churches had taken the position of diviners because of changes and developments in modern Igbo people. Divination and prophecy have been better organized by the rapid changes in patterns of thoughts, issues and developments in society. The purpose of the study is to highlight the extent to which divination and prophecy were practised in Pentecostal churches and the traditional Igbo belief system. The significance of the study is that it would serve as reference literature to any historian, anthropologist, sociologist, student and teacher of Igbo culture. Many research questions were formulated to guide this study and posed to 50 people through oral interviews. The researcher used the survey research method in carrying out the research. The percentage was used to interpret the data collected during the fieldwork. The research was conducted using both old and young individuals. Old people were interviewed to identify the state and position of divination in the past and young people were interviewed to highlight changes and problems of prophecy in the present day. The findings of the study revealed that divination and prophecy were found in every Igbo culture, but practised in various ways in different parts of Igbo States. Finally, it was recommended that traditional diviners and Pentecostal prophets should introduce a policy guide and principle to avoid unprofessional activities indulged by traditional diviners and Pentecostal prophets. Keywords: Divination, Prophecy, Pentecostal, Traditional Belief, Diviner, Prophet.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: MUSIC: A DIALOGICAL TOOL FOR ECUMENISM IN NIGERIA
The priority of the social dimension of ecumenism over the theological dimension has been spotted as the major barrier towards attaining the ecumenical goal by the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN). The uneasiness and unwillingness exhibited among members towards the ecumenical discussion, believed to have been spurred by pre-CAN tensions and animosities among denominations are evidence of the misplaced priority. Recommendations such as a well-articulated ecumenical formation and information programs were seen as fundamental steps towards addressing the observed ecumenical challenges in CAN. Unfortunately, there seems to be little consideration on the possible and effective channels through which these proposals can be actualized. The study aims to explore the capacity of music serving as one of the tools in the entire scheme. The study is qualitative, employing a descriptive phenomenological design. Data for the study was collated through a review of related and relevant materials. The findings reveal that music remains a universal language and a means of communication; communicating emotion, thoughts and inspiration transcending race, religion and emotional wellbeing of our life. On this revelation, the study beckons on CAN among other strategies to adopt music as a dominant tool, which should not be restricted only to prayer meetings but constantly employ in the entire ecumenical process and dialogue. Keywords: Music, ecumenism, ecumenical movement, ecumenical dialogue
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN POSITIVE IMPACTS OF MUSIC ON RELIGION: CHRISTIANITY AS CASE STUDY
Christian activities and especially worships have been greatly impacted and influenced since the introduction of the kind of musical ideas we have now, especially with Western modernization and influence in Nigeria. This has brought a development that cannot be denied and is so visible within Christendom. This has encouraged many if not all religious activities among Christians to give the music its rightful place. Consequent to the above, a lot of resources are being spent to ensure that music in every Christian gathering and Church is what it is supposed to be, as this is what has kept many in Christianity today. The thrust of this article is to look at what Christian music is all about, and this is examined under the place of Christian music in their worship and the impacts that are seen. Such impacts include; the life that music adds to the worship, the expression of religious experience through music, how it acts as a uniting force among the people, how music contributes to mobilizing the youths and empowering them and finally how music acts as a recreative activity. Keywords: Music, Christian, Religious, Impact.
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT : A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ANGLICAN CHURCH MUSIC IN ANCIENT AND MODERN PERSPECTIVES
Anglican Church music is that type of music that is written for Christian worship in Anglican order of services forming part of the liturgy. It traditionally consists of musical pieces composed to be sung by a church choir, with or without instrumental accompaniment. However, as a result of the emergency of contemporary patterns in modern Christian worship, the traditional structure of the Anglican order of worship, especially as it relates to its musical setting, is being altered and threatened. The younger generation seem to appear disenchanted and disillusioned whenever the traditional Anglican Church music is being rendered in liturgical services to meet their taste, there have been distortions and in some cases, outright disregard to the form and pattern of Anglican Church music to align with the contemporary Christian music style. In its attempt to accurately unearth the gap between the ancient and modern Anglican Church music, library research, participant-observer and interview methods of research were engaged. The research discovered that the Anglican Church originated with a spiritually – dynamic, via media approach that makes room for liturgical flexibility. It, therefore, recommends a comprehensive Church music chemistry that would deeply satisfy the spiritual and mental taste of ancient and modern faithful. Keywords: Anglican Church, Music, Ancient and Modern, Perspective Evaluation.
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE: MUSIC IN THE CATHOLIC LITURGICAL WORSHIP, AN AID TO ACTIVE PARTICIPATION
Liturgical worship in its nature is a public function that demands corporate prayer and active participation. Accordingly, it follows that all forms and parts of the liturgy should be reverently celebrated in such a manner that the faithful will actively participate in it. Hence, prayer, scriptural readings, music, thanksgiving and others should be done in such a way that active participation is encouraged. Whatever good that may promote active participation of the faithful in liturgical worship is highly encouraged without deliberations. Our attitudes therefore to prayer, scriptural readings, music and thanksgiving should be such that will ordinarily encourage active participation of members. Liturgical worship takes place within the context of the song, story and choreographed gesture and movement. For successful liturgical worship, therefore, all of such gestures and movements need to be communally inspiring. Music for example should be composed, taught and sung in such a manner that the entire assembly plays a major role in the singing. At present, one would ordinarily find out that songs used during liturgical ceremonies these days in many of the Catholic Churches in Nigeria do not meet up with the demands of what liturgical music portray. The paper proposes the need to re-orientate and awaken the consciousness of the people to what liturgical music stands for considering its aims and objectives so that our liturgy will be improved if the principles are upheld. Keywords: Liturgy, Sacred Music, Liturgical Music, Liturgical worship
CHAPTER THIRTY: SACRED MUSIC IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: A MEANS OF UPLIFTING THE SPIRIT OF THE FAITHFUL
Liturgy in the Catholic Church is an outstanding means through which the faithful express their beliefs and manifest the mystery of Christ in the real nature of the true church openly. Sacred music plays a very important role in Catholic liturgical worship. Catholic Church upholds sacred music as a means of facilitating active participation at liturgy. It is the solemn nature of the Catholic liturgy that makes it unique so, demands that the type of music that must be used during liturgy must maintain that standard. Efforts have been made by Catholic Liturgical Commission to maintain the uniqueness of liturgical music but the contemporary choristers and music directors are seemingly shifting away from the established standard through their choice of songs and instrumentation resulting in many Catholics not knowing the real nature of sacred music. This paper uses analyticallyresearch method, approached from survey, and descriptive angles, to ascertain the position of the catholic liturgical commission as regards sacred music and active participation of the faithful during liturgical assembly. It concludes by recommending that music directors and composers of Catholic liturgical music should sit up and compose songs that meet with the needs of the liturgical celebration for the sanctification of the faithful and to the glory of God. Keywords: Sacred music, Liturgical worship, Catholic Church and Spiritual uplifting of the faithful.
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE: THE IMPACT OF IGBO CHORAL ART MUSIC ON THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, PROVINCE OF THE NIGER, NIGERIA
Art music in Igbo land has its origin traced to the experimental works of the early composers of choral music in the then Anglican Diocese on the Niger, around the 1930s. The Igbo choral art music genre has undergone a series of developmental changes to what is now known as Contemporary Art Music. However, this genre of music has gained wide acceptance in the Anglican Communion, Province of the Niger, Nigeria, since its birth. This paper, therefore, examines the various aspects of choral art music has made an impact on the Province of Niger. Data were collected through personal communications, observation, active participation as well as a review of relevant literature. The paper concludes that choral Art music has positively impacted the Anglican Communion, Province of the Niger, Nigeria. Keywords: Igbo choral music, Art music, Anglican communion, Province of the Niger
CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO: MUSIC AS A MEANS OF EVANGELIZING THE YOUTHS IN THE CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE OF OWERRI
The youth are the future of any organization they find themselves in. Therefore every organisation that has the youths in it must not take their presence for granted but must do everything possible to make sure they remain in that organisation. The Catholic Archdiocese of Owerri is an organisation and must strive to keep its youth for the sake of the future. Since the Catholic Church is known for its calm music and the youth of this generation are attracted to hot music, in order for the Catholic Church to make sure they value what they have as well, music is one of the ways to keep the youths and make them value what they have. This is because music is not only about an organized sound but can be used for communication. Evangelism on the other side is not only done when preached but can use other social means. The researcher used some books by other authors to support her work and findings. Music is food for the soul which lifts up the spirit into doing great things. When the youths are evangelized with this food of the spirit, called music, it would help the youth understand the lyrics of the music, appreciate every music whether hot or calm, thereby being close to God, understand the doctrines of the Catholic Church and being useful to themselves and the society. When music is used right to evangelize the youth, all these written above will be achieved, everyone would be happy. Keywords: Music, Evangelism, Youths and Catholic Archdiocese of Owerri.
CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE: IMPERATIVENESS OF MUSIC FOR CHILD'S UPBRINGING IN SUNDAY SCHOOLS AMONG THE NIGERIAN ANGLICAN CHURCHES
Scholars have documented literature on the roles of early Christian missionaries as well as African Indigenous Churches (AIC) on formal Education in Nigeria. This paper examines the musical activities among the Sunday school children in Nigerian Churches, to highlight the text content and its functionality in the socio-religious upbringing of children in the society. This research was conducted through oral interviews, a field recording of music and bibliographic methods which is limited to a few selected Anglican churches in Ogijo-Remo Community of Ogun State in which the Yoruba language form the major language of communication in their Sunday school. Research findings revealed that children are better assimilated with the teachings of their teacher through the various songs taught at the church. Also, Sunday school teachers receive better participation and attention from the children during the singing session than in any other activity. The music was observed to play important functions in imparting religious education in the children, moral training, documentation and preservation of Biblical stories as well as recreational and entertainment functions. It was concluded in this research study that the imperativeness of music is evident in the functional roles it plays in Sunday school. Apart from Bible study and sermon, music serves as one of the major devices of imparting religious and moral knowledge to the children because it is more relevant and most effective in yielding positive and desirable results in these children. Keywords: Musical activities, Nigerian Anglican churches, Sunday school and Child's upbringing.
CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR: MUSIC AND ITS WHOLISTIC EXISTENTIAL RELEVANCE TO HUMANITY
The phenomenon, music, remains one of humanity's most visible existential activities that cut across cultures, tribes, religions and nations, to the vest end of the universe. Thus, music-making has been known to be part of human life, and it finds representations and inclusion in his socio-cultural cum religious experiences or activities. If music-making has not been of any great use to man, its use and service would have been jettisoned from the scheme of man's existential affairs. By existential relevance of music to human life, is meant, the observable concrete ways in which the phenomenon, music, is in the service of utility, or is useful to human life. In other words are there some ways, music as performance art, in its various forms, either in listening to its recorded form, or engaging in its making can influence, affect, control or sedate or soothe, human beings for their wellbeing. From the investigations, researches, and confessions of many attracted to the musical phenomenon, the answers, have often been in the affirmative. Keywords: Music, Existential Relevance, Humanity
CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE: INTEGRITY OF INDIGENOUS MUSIC TO HUMAN LIFE AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Indigenous music is an integral part of human life and its integrity is portrayed in their culture and general way of life of its people. As such, the musical events of a particular ethnic group like indigenous music have a serious impact on human life and national development. Moreover, the indigenous music of society carries the people's general code of conduct of the owners and users of the music. But it is quite unfortunate to see that the indigenous music of the present society is not recognized and given its proper place in the community to affect human life and propel national development. Therefore, the study sets out to look into the integrity and place of indigenous music to human life, community and national development. This will help the good generational transfer of our indigenous music from one generation to another to enhance sustainable national development. The integrity of indigenous music carries the national gazette, customs, traditions, values, idioms and general way of life of a community. As such, it should be given the proper attention through the formal and informal method of inculcating such music in the lives of the society especially the children, youths and up-coming generation. Indigenous music contains the set standard of the people's way of life to be followed duly to improve the human life of the people to affect national development. Thus, national development involves human power and good governance. The study, therefore, uses library and internet onsets as methods of data collection. Based on the findings, the author recommends that indigenous music should be set into the study in both curriculum and extra-curriculum activities. Keywords: Integrity, Indigenous music, Human life, National development
CHAPTER THIRTY SIX: DIVERSITY IN NIGERIA AND THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN PEACE BUILDING
Every human society is an enterprise of world-building. Man who is at the centre of this exercise is a product of society and society which is a dialectic phenomenon is a product of man. Man as a cultural being brings diversity into society. Thus, in society, there is diversity through language, religious affiliations, knowledge, art, morals, laws, customs et cetera. However, diversity in society tends towards peace or war depending on the management of elements in the society. This work explores the negative and positive aspects of diversity in Nigeria and the implications of music for peace-building. Some of the negative dimensions are the unequal and differential treatment of ethnic groups, the prioritization of tribal identity over professional efficiency, fatal consequences on the political process, ethnocentrism and ethnic tensions; while some of the positive sides are cultural identity, an increase in creativity, source of economic power, natural and mineral resources. Music which is one of the means of reinforcing unity in a diverse nation creates awareness of other cultures and makes different cultures or societies connect and understand one another. Thus, it is a tool for unity and development in society. It adds vibrancy to communities and strengthens the sense of belonging and connection with others by transcending cultural barriers. Thus, music has the undisputed capacity for peace-building and the power to culturally, morally and emotionally influence society. Keywords: Diversity, Peace and War, Music and Peace-building
CHAPTER THIRTY SEVEN: RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES AND INTERMARRIAGE IN RUTH: LESSONS FOR NIGERIAN CHRISTIANS
This paper studies the book of Ruth in the Bible with special interest in the intermarriage or mixed marriage between Ruth and Boaz. The work considers the positive impact of this marriage for the Judeo-Christian world especially as manifested in the personalities of King David and Jesus Christ who of course came from the lineage of Boaz and Ruth. The menace of discriminations among contemporary Nigerian Christians in choosing marriage partners can be stopped through the proper understanding and internalization of the message of the book of Ruth on marriage. This understanding is necessary for the effective and sincere practicing of Christianity in Nigeria bearing in mind that it is the same God that created mankind in his own image. While avoiding discrimination in choosing marriage partners, people should choose those whom they can agree with in religion. Keywords: Religious differences, intermarriage, Ruth, Nigerian Christians.
CHAPTER THIRTY EIGHT: MUSIC AND SPIRITUAL UPLIFTMENT: THE EXPERIENCE OF ANGLICAN DIOCESE OF ASABA, DELTA STATE
Music as a spiritual upliftment has been in existence since ancient times. It is an art form and a universal gift. It is credited to Jubal the father of musical instruments. As a necessary aspect of worship, the Anglican Diocese of Asaba has experienced unprecedented growth both in spiritual and numerical strength. As the power of music remains irresistible in soul winning, this article is to emphasize the importance of music in the uplifting of souls of worshipers within the study area. This publication made use of the qualitative research approach and content analysis is used throughout this article. The means or method of data collection made use of one on one oral interviews and focus group discussions. The findings were drawn from the analysis of resource materials and the discussion of participants. The result of the research finding indicated that music is a branch of Christian Worship that influences the lives of the congregation of the children of God. The conclusion and recommendation are made based on the research findings. Keywords: Music, Worship, Spiritual upliftment, Anglican Diocese of Asaba.
CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE : THE UMUOKPU SONGS: A CASE STUDY OF UMUZOCHA WOMEN'S PERFORMANCE GROUP IN AWKA SOUTH
In Awka society of Igbo region of Nigeria, Umu-Okpu musical art is established and performed to stabilize and manage families, and the society employed its traditional method to achieve this purpose. This paper explores the polity of Umu-Okpu in Awka community, the performance practise of Umu-Okpu music, the analysis of the textual and musical structures in order suggest the possible adoption of the functions in correcting and building women of other culture. The research methods adopted for this study includes : observation, oral interview and literature review. In the end, it was discovered that over 90% of the women in the study area were knowledgeable in the umuokpu music and the lessons hidden in the musical lines. The majority of those not conversant with the music are in the range of 30's and those living outside the culture. Further studies can be done on the implications of these findings. Keywords : Umuokpu musical arts, Umuzocha women's performance, Stability, Management of families, society
CHAPTER FORTY: HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF EGELEGE (WRESTLING) MUSIC FESTIVAL OF ALAKAHIA COMMUNITY IN OBIO/AKPOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, RIVERS STATE
This paper x-rayed the Egelege (wrestling) festival of the Alakahia community in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State. Egelege is a wrestling festival that takes place once a year in the community, especially in August. This paper aims to examine the potency of the Egelege festival in the Alakahia community. An oral interview was conducted to get first-hand information and books, journals, newspapers, thesis, projects were also consulted. It was discovered that Egelege is a yearly contest used to usher in love, unity, progress, success, peace among the people of the Alakahia community. It is recommended that the contestants should be encouraged to participate in wrestling contests both national and at the international level. The music of Egelege should also be scored and sold to raise funds for the community. also, the musical instruments should be preserved for continuity.
CHAPTER FORTY-ONE: INDIGENOUS MUSIC AND SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN IGBO CULTURE
In Nigeria and Igbo culture, in particular, music-making is not just performed for mere entertainment. The value placed on music is beyond its beauty and enjoyment. Music is a life-long activity that serves as a medium for cultural transmission. It is an essential part of Igbo culture. It plays a very prominent role in the shaping and moulding of human character to a desirable one which is the pivot of development in any Igbo community. This study examines the role of indigenous music in human development in Igbo culture. Textual analyses of selected indigenous Igbo songs were also done. Findings in this study reveal that music is an essential tool in character moulding which results in the breeding of individuals with adorable mindsets, capable of effecting positive change in Igbo communities. It also reveals that the present generation shows little or no interest in the performance of indigenous music. This study, therefore, recommends that indigenous music should be integrated into primary and post-primary schools' curricula. It also recommends that awareness be created about the relevance of indigenous music in the life of the people by showcasing it through various media outlets. The Source of information was based on literature review and interview. Keywords: Igbo community, indigenous music, human development, character moulding, cultural transmission.
CHAPTER FORTY-TWO PRESERVING AFRICAN VALUES THROUGH MUSIC: ILLUSTRATIONS WITH FOLKLORE EXCERPTS
In an age characterized by moral decadence occasioned by trends in post-colonial Africa and globalization, it has become necessary for Africans to retrace their steps back to values of old that made Africa tick in respect of social behaviours. Children had respect for elders, an armed robbery was virtually non-existent, robbery was limited to stealing of food items and defaulters were afraid of the stigma by the society when caught. Those who live above board were revered, bravery was eulogized and status was attained. In an age where obtaining by tricks is on the high and is worshipped by both sacred and secular orders, it has become imperative to go back to folklore and examine its essence with a few to re-engineering it to our social polity as Africans. Keywords: Preservation, music, folklores, African values. moral decadence.
CHAPTER FORTY-THREE: TRADITIONAL SACRED MUSIC AND GENDER ISSUES: NMONWU MUSIC OF IHIALA AND EZINIFITE CULTURES IN ANAMBRA STATE
In most Igbo communities in southeastern Nigeria and beyond, women are not allowed to have the liberty of making some type of traditional music, especially that type of music that has some ritual/sacred implications. They may as a matter of chance or opportunity see or behold and could perhaps enjoy that music but will not be allowed to be members of such groups that perform that music. In Ihiala and Ezinifite towns, both in Anambra South Senatorial district of Anambra state, women are not allowed to perform traditional sacred music (Egwu nmonwu or Egwu muo). Therefore, it is uncalled for and believed or seen to be out of place to have women amidst those making the musical rituals of nmonwu. It is referred to as 'nso' (taboo), a practice that is unacceptable, sacrilegious in these communities. Nmonwu secret cult is, therefore, a masculine affair that excludes women from being performers and from the findings of this paper, there appears to be nothing that can be done about it as to accommodate the general women, only those aged women referred to as 'Mmarigo' whose age and experience have allowed to be initiated, who are the only females permitted to partake in the nmonwu rituals, and not the music-making. Keywords: Nmonwu, adukwu, ogbodu, ekwuru nmonwu, women (mmarigo), nso, music.
CHAPTER FORTY-FOUR PIANO AND THE AFRICAN SOUL: TOWARDS BRIDGING THE GAPS OF IDENTITY CRISIS
Various African societies are going through a period of cultural renaissance. These are evident in the numerous festivals that have started gaining widespread acceptance in the various host cultures as well as international recognition. It then appears that the time has come for the Africans to rise above any fear to question anything that hinders the blossoming of the African spirit. However the wave of cultural renaissance blow, gently or strongly, some aspects of the Western cultures which have taken root in Africa may not necessarily be abolished, but they can be properly modified and adapted in the spirit of the ongoing renaissance. Piano music is one of such aspects of European cultures that appear to have come to stay. But the problem is that the learning materials for this instrument are predominantly Western. Whereas there are African compositions on the Piano, there are not enough materials arranged like Smallwood's Pianoforte Tutor, Piano Adventures or John Thompson's to serve the developmental needs of a child in learning music theory through the piano. The researcher through library sources and his experience as a piano teacher and performer findsthat the piano can integrate the African person properly with the world around it and position this person for active and impactful participation in the global village, but this can only happen when the materials that introduce the African to the piano are not alien to his or her environment. The research, therefore, recommends that piano tutors should be developed to capture various dimensions of the indigenous and contemporary African cultures. Keywords: Piano, African soul, Cultural renaissance, Identity crisis.
CHAPTER FORTY-FIVE: SOCIO-CULTURAL RELEVANCE OF UMUARO YOUTHS MUSIC IN COMMUNITY SERVICES IN MBUTU, MBAISE
Music is known to serve different purposes for different people and communities and the diversity in the use of music could not be stretched beyond elasticity. Therefore, the use or making of music by different communities in Africa could either be for festivals, ceremonies, religious worship, traditional marriage, funeral ceremonies and other numerous events and activities. The youths of the Umuaro community in Ihitte oha village Mbutu of Aboh Mbaise Local government area of Imo state is known to use music as a drive or motivation in their various services to the community. When the occasion demands it, they get themselves organized to render different types of service for community development while employing the use of music. This study, therefore, is about the Socio-Cultural Relevance of Umuaro Youths Music in Community Services in Mbutu, Mbaise.It attempts to highlight different occasions during which the services of the youths are required. It is relevant to show the contribution of youths in facilitating the developmental pace of a community and also their role in making social activities more enjoyable. In eliciting information and data collection for this work, the research involves the use of a qualitative method which includes oral interview, observation and literature review. During the investigations, it was discovered that music undoubtedly facilitates the developmental pace of communities. As regards Umuaro youths, it is noteworthy to say that majority of them resides in urban areas or outside the community apparently in search of greener pastures and this has led those within the community to have an exorbitant list of demands on beneficiaries of their services. It is recommended amongst others that youths should gear their efforts towards involvement in useful and productive activities for community development. Keywords: Umuaro youths music, Community service, Socio-cultural services, Mbutu Mbaise.
CHAPTER FORTY-SIX: EMEM KE NIGERIA: A DIDACTIC IBIBIO CHORAL MUSIC COMPOSITION
This composition work re-evaluates, defines, and contextualizes Ibibio choral music within the compositional framework of Nigerian Arts music. This work was conducted in order to assess the importance of the Ibibio language in vocal music. Texts drawn from the bible, rhythmic motifs derived from the Ibibio traditional orchestra instruments and other compositional techniques underpinned this composition. The work derived its theme from scrutinized and detailed research and study of existing literature. It was observed that Ibibio rhythm,style, and harmony employed western harmonic styles; the selected traditional orchestralinstruments employed are of different sizes and shapes, and as such produce different sounds and pitches which also influence Ibibio beat patterns. An analytical research method was employed. Primary and secondary sources were sourced through the internet and library. Recommendations were made. In the end, it was observed that the song text in 'Emem Ke Nigeria' portrays the identity of the Ibibio people; it also encourages a state of peace and tranquility, through prayer for a nation where people crave love and oneness during political events of a country (Nigeria). This study is an attempt towards creating and documenting new genres in the contemporaryIbibio musical work repertoire, as well as providing comprehensive material for furthermusicological and compositional research in the near future. Keywords: Rhythm, language, choral, composition, style, harmony, Ibibio.
CHAPTER FORTY-SEVEN: MUSIC AND TOURISM IN MODERN-DAY
In every sphere of life, music plays a major role. It rejuvenates our minds and provides us with pleasure in our social life. The benefits of music cannot be overemphasized. From the cradle, every person experiences music in varying ways and degrees that excites the mind throughout one's lifetime. It is true that some 150 years ago, people only listened to the music emanating from their tribe and culture. In the modern-day, what would seem as incredible to our forefathers makes good music. The paper uses analytical research method, approached from the survey, and descriptive angles, to educate readers on music tourism and how best to utilize its potential and tremendous benefits; to highlight the impact of music on tourism in other words how music affects tourism, bearing in mind that there are economic, social and cultural implications to be considered and more so how music contributes to modern-day tourism. This paper will also open up the minds of music educators in Nigeria as to the abundance of musical instruments and musical performances of different cultures yet to be explored and appreciated by Nigerian students by going through a tour of world music. The paper concludes by recommending that Music departments in Nigerian Universities organize periodic tours for their students to other countries of interest to explore and experience first-hand all they have been taught in theory and indeed witness the sights and sounds of these countries for greater inspiration and interest in music. Keywords: Music, tourism, modern-day, tourism activities, world music.
CHAPTER FORTY-EIGHT: PROGRESSIVE TRADITIONALISM: ORIN IBÌEJI ÌTRADITION OF THE SOUTH-WEST NIGERIAN THE CONTEMPORARY TIMES
Orin iÌbejiÌperformance, an age long musical tradition among the YoruÌbaìpeople of South Western Nigeria has undergone an evolutionary trajectory; over time, a change in the practice of the tradition has been observed. This paper investigates and presents the progression of its evolution from its traditional form to the present. The theory of Progressive Traditionalism propounded and first used by Emielu (2018) is employed as the theoretical backbone of this paper. Oral interview, archival and observational methods are employed as the methodological approach in gathering pieces of information for the study. The study observes that several elements have changed in the oriniÌbejiÌpractice. These changes include the context of performance, the class of performers, and the contemporized usage of the music. This paper attributes these changes to acculturation due to immigration, globalisation, modernisation and advancement in technology, which it opined has helped in the propagation of this musical tradition. The paper further observes that these aforementioned factors should be harnessed to advance, rather than impede, the progressive course of indigenous values such as oriniÌbejiÌFor. example, technological means could be employed in the preservation and archival of oriniÌbejiÌto project this tradition for global relevance. Keywords: contemporary, folklore, oriniÌbejiÌ,progressive traditionalism
CHAPTER FORTY-NINE: APPRAISING POPULAR MUSIC BUSINESS IN NIGERIA AND JOB CREATION: A STUDY OF SELECTED YOUTHS IN AGO- IWOYE, OGUN STATE
The efficacy of Nigerian Popular music in Nigerian society spans beyond mere entertainment, education, communication and relaxation. Popular music is a reflection of different ethnic groups in Nigeria but with the influence of western culture. Its broad scope makes it inevitable and highly intrinsic as to its benefits to society and more specifically, Nigerian Nation. Nigerian Popular music business refers to any money-making venture associated with Nigerian popular music. The study evaluates how Popular Music Business in Nigeria has created job opportunities and a means of livelihood among selected Youth in Ago Iwoye, Ogun State. It elucidates aptly the development of Nigerian popular music. The study employs a quantitative method. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. The Primary data used was a well-structured questionnaire administered to selected 80 youths between the age of 18- and 29 in Ago- Iwoye. The Data collected from respondents were analysed using frequency distribution and percentage. The study concludes that popular business has helped to drastically reduce the rate of unemployment in Nigeria as many Nigerians who are musically inclined do not bother looking for jobs. Music automatically serves as a means of livelihood for them. Music jobs range from the playing of musical instruments, Composer/Song Writers, Record Label Entrepreneur, Recording Engineers, Music producers, vocalists, music managers, DJs, Dancers, Singers, Backup singers and a lot more. The study recommends that government and private sectors should invest more in music, in training youth to acquire creative skills such as music to spur self-employment and job creation. Music should be made a compulsory course in all citadels of learning from primary schools to higher institutions in Nigeria. Keywords: Appraising, Popular music business, Nigeria, Job creation
CHAPTER FIFTY: MUSIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY NIGERIA: PERTINENT ISSUES
Pertinent issues affecting music entrepreneurship in Nigeria were highlighted in this paper. Several music business opportunities in Nigeria, their nature and peculiarities, the inherent risks in the businesses, and risk management strategies were explored. Problems affecting music business entrepreneurship such as Nigeria's economic downturn, financial instability, pervading insecurity, COVID-19 adversity, etc. were also analyzed. Globally emerging and music business entrepreneurship types such as music streaming and music networking were also discovered and recommended for prospective music business entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Findings show that in the face of the current financial and security challenges in the country, there are still several music business entrepreneurship vistas that prospective entrepreneurs can engage in successfully. It is recommended that prospective and practising music business entrepreneurs in the country be knowledgeable in the peculiarity of the Nigerian business terrain, and be properly guided in the diversity of opportunities in the field along with the concomitant risks and risk management strategies presented in the paper. Keywords: Music business entrepreneurship, risk management, music business entrepreneurs.
CHAPTER FIFTY-ONE: IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE TECHNIQUES OF ESE MUSIC THROUGH OMENKA ADIBE'S RECORDINGS: A SURVEY
Ese and Uko ensembles have been handed on through oral tradition like most other native ensembles and quite like others, while the thematic, rhythmic and philosophical ideologies have lived-on, the performance techniques and dexterity of their performers have continued to dwindle. There is in fact a general opinion of a drop in skill-level among current performers of these ensembles. OmenkaAdibe, a renowned master of these art forms, saw beyond his time and recorded some of his performances. These recordings have become the canon for appraisal of Ese and Uko Performance Techniques in his native Ahiara, AhiazuMbaise. The researcher carried out preliminary surveys of native audiences, his musical heirs and former apprentices. This survey confirmed the general opinion of a dwindling dexterity. However, the survey revealed that Egbeahiaogu's use of Adibe's recorded performances during rehearsal sessions led to improved dexterity. The study therefore discovered from the surveys, that there is a positive relationship between the study of archived performance techniques of master performers on one hand and improved performance skill-levels of current performers on the other. It is the recommendation of the researcher that the works of OmenkaAdibe and indeed other master performers of other native ensembles be made available to current performers of Ese, Uko and other native ensembles for improved performance dexterity and skills which is the best way to ensure conservation, sustainability, efficient documentation and handing-on of these art-forms to younger generations. Keywords: Performance Technique, Extemporization, Native Ensemble, Ese, Mbaise.
CHAPTER FIFTY-TWO: NIGERIAN CONTEMPORARY POP MUSIC IN CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ARTS CURRICULUM: IMPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
The Cultural and Creative Arts (CCA) curriculum has for several times and reasons concerned itself with the inclusion of Nigerian folk and art music in teaching and learning. While the efforts made by curriculum planners so far have achieved significant results, there is a need to make the learners relate more with the prevalent music of their time. Learning with the genre of music different from what the learners are exposed to daily may hamper cooperation, mutual communication and comprehension between the teachers and learners in the CCA learning process. This paper, therefore, intends to advocate for giving more place to more recent musicians and their music genre in CCA as the learners will relate to them better. This study recommends that musicologists should redirect their efforts towards the study of popular music even in higher institutions where the CCA teachers are churned out from. Keywords: Nigerian contemporary pop music, musicologists, Cultural and Creative Arts curriculum.
CHAPTER FIFTY-THREE CONTEMPORARY TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF NEW DAWN ENTERTAINERS AND ITS ROLES IN COMMUNITY BUILDING IN UYO, AKWA IBOM STATE
The weightiness of Contemporary Traditional Music in Ibibio society cannot be overemphasized. Suffice it to say that activities ranging from birth to death are inter-fused with music-making. Therefore, the thrust of this paper is to look into the positive contributions of New Dawn Entertainers as well as textual analysis of the selected songs towards building a viable community, possible implications in the social, economic, educational and moral development for community building. It is worthy of note that despite these benefits associated with music's positive contribution to community building. However, this present age does not embrace these potentials and opportunities as it ought to be. In eliciting data for this study, library sources, oral interviews and participant observation methods were employed. To have a proper understanding of the cultural group: New dawn entertainers, the researcher made both video and audio recordings and their procedures in contributing towards community building. The theoretical framework was developed to guide data collection, analysis, and interpretation. For this study, the Theory propounded by Bikeway in 2009 in the Journal of Humanities and social sciences States that “The growth and development of any nation depend to a large extent on the ability of its citizens to harness its naturally imbued resources as well as putting into good use other man-made features, skills, and talents. This study reveals that if these potentials are well grasped by people, this, to a certain extent, will significantly help in community development. Keywords: Contemporary, Traditional Music, Community Building and Textual Analysis.
CHAPTER FIFTY-FOUR EVALUATION OF VIRTUAL LESSONS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC LOCKDOWN: THE CREATIVE ARTS STUDENTS' EXPERIENCE
The deadly COVID-19 pandemic brought horrendous experience upon the world and also affects the educational sectors. This study examined how the undergraduate students within the Department of Creative Arts, comprising students studying music, visual arts, and theatre arts, perceived, preferred, responded and utilized the LMS platforms to access their classes and the examination that took place months after receiving lectures. It is evident from the study that nearly 9 in 10 (86 per cent) of the students are running a full-time programme with more in the Theatre Arts and least in Music. Nearly 14 per cent of the students are running the ICE programme where the Music department leads. The 400 level students which account for 35 per cent tops over other levels while it follows by 200 and 300 levels which account for 24 per cent and 23 per cent respectively. The proportion of the final year students that participated in the study is nearly 1 in 10 of the entire respondents among these, the level account for 1 in 4 (25 per cent) in the Music Department. Few of the respondents were not technologically savvy despite the school's initial training. However, some of the respondents in this study expressed their disappointment at the low and sometimes internet interruption and disruptions that hindered them from benefiting immensely from the virtual class. This study concluded that infrastructural deficiencies in third world countries like Nigeria are crucial challenges in the maintenance of teaching, learning and research networks. Hence, the study recommends introducing information and computer technology classes included at all levels of the education system in Nigeria. Students should also get financial support from the government and stakeholders to enable them to have internet-enabled devices at a time like this. Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic lockdown, creative arts students' experience, technology, Online visual classes, learning management system's evaluation.
CHAPTER FIFTY-FIVE: ANALYSIS OF SELECTED WORKS OF DOTUN OLAYEMI: A CONTEMPORARY YORUBA CHURCH MUSICIAN
There are many Nigerian art music composers with different ideologies, styles, techniques, and approaches to their works. Some dwell mainly on writing for the instruments, others for voices or a combination of the two. This paper, hinged on inter-acculturation theory, aims at analyzing three selected works of DotunOlayemi, a Yoruba church musician, and to bring out some techniques employed in developing these works. The primary source comprises an unstructured interview with the composer. The secondary source includes books, journal articles, newspaper, magazines, musical scores and the Internet. Findings show that themes of analyzed works are got from common church choruses and hymns, developed and rearranged for voices and organ accompaniment, employing techniques like imitation, ostinato, extemporization, repetition, contrapuntal polyphony, modulation, and interludes. It is also revealed that the motive of each theme is subtly included in a brief introduction with a touch of suspense. This paper, therefore, concludes that, although DotunOlayemi is a part-time musician, the foundation of his musicianship from his family and church background, having been exposed to music from his childhood has built-in him a wealth of compositional ability that rivals adept scholarly composers. Further studies need to be conducted to establish the stylistic uniqueness of Olayemi's compositions, a preliminary study in this paper has revealed a few techniques that are prevalent in the three works analyzed. Keywords: Composition, Analysis, inter-acculturation, Church musician.
CHAPTER FIFTY-SIX : THE CONSTRUCTION OF LOCALLY MADE REHEARSAL DRUMS PAD
This study addresses one of the main issues of development in the Nigerian music industry. Unless treated insouciantly, the lack of skill to construct locally made instruments of equal quality and for the same use as that of western instruments is a limiting factor in the development of the Nigerian music industry. This study is all about creating a comprehensive, detailed and workable solution to this challenge. This work attempts to break the barrier by constructing a western musical instrument with locally sourced materials. The instrument chosen as a case study is a “practice pad”. This paper gives a background study on the developmental stages of drum sets, types and uses. This documentation, if favourably considered by the government can be improved, perfected by specialists and funded by the government. By so doing, it may turn out to be the start of a new era in the technical arm of instruments making and eventually bring about the exportation of quality locally made instruments of western pedigree. Keywords: Nigerian music industry, construction of instruments, locally made materials and Drum pad.
CHAPTER FIFTY-SEVEN: ETHNOMUSICOLOGY AND CREATIVITY: THE NEED FOR DOCUMENTATION OF PRODUCTIONS
This study is a discussion on the need for the cultivation of the habit of literature documentation after productions to encourage innovation in departments of Music and Theatre Arts. The aim is to increase the scanty production works of literature that we have especially in Ethnomusicological creative works. The theoretical framework is hinged on Creativitytheory, which explains that creativity is motivational, it helps to bring out innovative ideas for successful planning of productions and it has the potential to generate income and more artistic concepts for future productions. It employed a descriptive research design to analyse 2019 acculturated Christmas Cantata production, produced by the Department of Theatre Arts, Faculty of Arts and Education, University of Africa, Toru-Orua. The outcomes of the study show that the documentation of productions encourages innovation, preservation and promotion of indigenous theatrical arts. The study recommends that more creative works should be discovered, documented and published to promote creative works, especially from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Keywords: Ethnomusicology, performance, production Christmas Cantata, creativity, documentation.
CHAPTER FIFTY-EIGHT: MUSIC AS A UNIQUE TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN EMEKA NWABUEZE'S ECHOES OF MADNESS
Drama is an indispensable instrument for social commentary. The dramatist does not write just to express ideas, rather plays are written to inform, educate, or even to entertain. Effective communication is a paramount objective of every playwright. Hence every playwright strives to devise a means of communication that would be most effective for his or her target audience. This paper examines the use of music for effective communication in EmekaNwabueze's Echoes of Madness. Using the analytical method of qualitative research, the paper explores how Nwabueze, in the play utilizes music to pass his message across to the target audience. The paper discovers that music can be used in place of words to communicate effectively in a play text. It then concludes that music is an essential element for a better understanding of a drama text. The paper, therefore, recommends that playwrights should use music in their plays to aid the audience's understanding of the plays. Keywords: Communication, understanding, effective, audience.
CHAPTER FIFTY-NINE: THE ANGUISH OF EXISTENCE IN POETRY: THE EXAMPLE OF CHRISTOPHER OKIGBO'S POETIC CONTENT
Okigbo's poetry gives expression to personal experiences of man, the emotions and impulses and the resultant effects of elusive hope and a rejected self- striving to redeem its crushed pieces. Thus the experience of pain, despair and inner hurt described as anguish majorly dot the lines of Okigbo's poetry, especially, in his selection of poetry 'Labyrinth, incorporating “Passage''. The feelings of despair and anguish are in the domain of psychoanalysis stemming from the inner recesses of the individual. The experiences manifest as reminiscences which are perceived as ''bittersweet'' which is a feeling of both pleasure and pain. Every soul, therefore, is a pilgrim in the world and suffers the anguish of existence which issues out of the personal experiences of alienation from the realities surrounding oneself and from society. This paper is a literary study of Okigbo's poetic contents as personal experiences and reminiscences of his life. The essay explores the motivations of anguish, loneliness, and despair as psychoanalytic tools of analysis of the poems. Specifically, nostalgia, feelings of pleasure and sadness are identified as the driving impetus and impulses in the poetic persona's psyche. These metaphors demonstrate the strivings and elusiveness of perfection in human existence. Keywords: Poetry, psychoanalysis, anguish, nostalgia, reminiscences.